Social Innovation
Introduction
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Definitions
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| Mumford (2002) | The generation and implementation of new ideas about how people should organise interpersonal activities, or social interactions, to meet one or more common goals. |
| Nilsson (2003) | A significant, creative and sustainable shift in the way a given society dealt with a profound and previously intractable social problem such as poverty, disease, violence or environmental deterioration. |
| Gerometta, Haussermann & Longo (2005) | Three core dimensions: the satisfaction of human needs (content dimension); changes in social relations especially with regard to governance (process dimension); and an increase in the socio-political capability and access to resources (empowerment dimension). |
| Mulgan (2006) | Innovation activities and services that are motivated by the goal of meeting a social need and that are predominantly developed and diffused through organisations whose primary purposes are social.” |
| Marcy & Mumford (2007) following on Mumford (2002) | New ideas about social systems and social interactions, while rare, can have a tremendous impact on our lives and world. |
| Mulgan et al. (2007) | Social innovation are usually new combinations of hybrids of existing elements, rather than being wholly new in themselves and putting them into practise involved cutting across organisational, sectoral or disciplinary boundaries and they leave behind compelling new social relationships between previously separate individuals and groups which matter greatly to the people involved, contribute to the diffusion and embedding of the innovation, and fuel a cumulative dynamic whereby each innovation opens up the possibility of further innovations. |
| Phills et al. (2008) | Social innovation refers to a novel solution to a social problem that is more effective, efficient, sustainable, or just than actual solutions and for which the value created accrues primarily to society as a whole rather than private individuals. |
| Ville & Ol (2008, p. 881) | ‘Social innovation’ is a term that almost everyone likes, but nobody is quite sure of what it means. Some academics would like to abandon the notion of social innovation altogether, arguing that it adds nothing to what we know about innovation and is too vague ever to be useful. |
| Westley (2008) | Social innovation is an initiative, product or process or program that profoundly changes the basic routines, resources and authority flows or beliefs of any social system. |
| Mac Callum et al. (2009, p.2) | This concept rejects the traditional, technology-focused application of the term 'innovation', whcih has been central to recent European development policy, in favour of a more nuanced reading which valorizes the knowledge and cultural assets of communities and which foregrounds the creative reconfiguration of social relations p.2 |
| Moulaert (2009, p.2) | It defines social innovation as the satisfaction of alienated human needs through the transformation of social relations: transformations which ‘improve’ the governance systems that guide and regulate the allocation of goods and services meant to satisfy those needs, and which establish new governance structures and organizations (discussion fora, political decision-making systems, firms, interfaces, allocation systems, and so on). Territorially speaking, this means that social innovation involves, among others, the transformation of social relations in space, the reproduction of place-bound and spatially exchanged identities and culture, and the establishment of place-based and scale-related governance structures. This also means that social innovation is quite often either locally or regionally specific, or/and spatially negotiated between agents and institutions that have a strong territorial affiliation. p.11 (in MacCullum et al 2009) |
| Sotarauta (2009, p. 623). | Perhaps it [social innovation] is one of those concepts that can only be framed and used as an alaytical tool as well as one can but nog exhaustively defined. It goes without saying that the concept of social innovation provides not only a seductively topical, but also a positively wholesome counterweight to more technologically orientated literature. The problem, however, is that when one presses harder to pin down the idea, its inherent appeal and the seach for conceptual clarity and precision is tested by theoretical complexity, ambiguity and frustrating conceptual flexibility. |
| European Commission Innovation Union (2010) | Social innovation is about tapping into the ingenuity of charities, associations and social entrepreneurs to find new ways of meeting social needs which are not adequately met by the market or the public sector. It can help bring about the behavioural changes needed to tackle the major societal challenges, such as climate change. Social innovations empower people and create new social relationships and models of collaboration. They are thus innovative in themselves and good for society’s capacity to innovate. |
| Goldberg (2010) | Simply put, social innovation is all about new ideas and solutions, and new ways of thinking, working, and doing things, in order to address social challenges. Social innovation can be as complex and large-scale as fighting poverty or addressing global climate change, or as simple and small-scale as creating a community garden.It is characterized by a holistic, non-silo approach that cuts across boundaries between sectors (health, work and employment, education, the environment, etc.) and between jurisdictions and different levels of government. Social innovation involves “transformative” or “big” change rather than just “tweaking the system.” It may not always succeed, but that is what is being sought. This focus on transformative change through a holistic approach is driven by recognition of the complexity, inter-relatedness, and intractability of today’s social problems—the term “wicked problems” is heard again and again—which go beyond any one sector and beyond the capacity of government or other entities to address alone. Social innovation is often community-based and community-led, using local knowledge and networks. |
| Murray et al. (2010) | New ideas (products, services and models) that simultaneously meet social needs and create new social relationships or collaborations. In other words, they are innovations that are both good for society and enhance society’s capacity to act. |
| Westley and Antadze (2010, p.2) | Social innovation is a complex process of introducing new products, processes or programs that profoundly change the basic routines, resource and authority flows, or beliefs of the social system in which the innovation occurs. Such successful social innovations have durability and broad impact. |
| Cajaiba-Santana (2014) | Social innovations are new social practices created from collective, intentional, and goal-oriented actions aimed at prompting social change through the reconfiguration of how social goals are accomplished. |
| Manzini (2014) | Social innovation is a process of change emerging from the creative re-combination of existing assets (from social capital to historical heritage, from traditional craftsmanship to accessible advanced technology), the aim of which is to achieve socially recognized goals in a new way. |
| Benneworth and Cunha (2015) | An attempt to capture and describe bottom-up phenomena where new ideas, approaches, techniques and organisational forms grew from humble roots into substantive new social capacities. |
| O'Byrne et al. (2015) | Social innovation in this study is defined as the successful implementation of activities, such as ideas, practices, or objects, through new collaborations and partnerships, in ways that positively impact society by improving the delivery of public services. |
| Centre for Social Innovation, Toronto | Social innovation refers to new ideas that resolve existing social, cultural, economic and environmental challenges for the benefit of people and planet. A true social innovation is system-chaning - it permanently alters the perception, behaviours and structures that previously gave rise to those challenges... Even more simply, a social innovation is an idea that works for the public good. |
Process
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Formele omschrijving
Description of the literature field of social innovation
Schema: ZHDSM scheme,
Context: ZHDSM context
