PR 00152

In this glossary, the often used terms, concepts and tools in this project are described in alphabetical order. The glossary explains how we used the term, concept or tool in the context of this project and, if possible, links to other sites or articles where more information can be found.

Bestand:Flooded cars.jpg

Flooded cars (image from freepik.com)

Adaptation: The IPCC defines adaptation as: ‘‘Adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities’’ ( McCarthy et al., 2001)

Adaptive capacity: this concept is defined by the IPCC ( McCarthy et al., 2001) and the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2006) as follows: "The ability of a system to adjust to climate change (including climate variability and extremes) to moderate potential damages, to take advantage of opportunities, or to cope with the consequences."

Critical infrastructure: the European Programme for Critical Infrastructure Protection (EPCIP) defines critical infrastructure as " Physical and information technology facilities, networks, services and assets that, if disrupted or destroyed, would have a serious impact on the health, safety, security or economic well-being of citizens or the effective functioning of governments in EU States. Critical infrastructures extend across many sectors of the economy, including banking and finance, transport and distribution, energy, utilities, health, food supply and communications, as well as key government services (COM, 2004).

Emergency response (or layer 3): Layer 3, the third layer of the Multi-Layered safety concept, refers to all temporary measures that can be taken in case of a actual flood threat. See also 'Multi-Layered safety'.

Flood: Article 2 of the EU Floods Directive (Directive 2007/60/EC) defines a flood as follows: "the temporary covering by water of land not normally covered by water. This shall include floods from rivers, mountain torrents, Mediterranean ephemeral water courses, and floods from the sea in coastal areas, and may exclude floods from sewerage systems" (EU, 2007).

Flood risk: Article 2 of the EU Floods Directive (Directive 2007/60/EC) defines flood risk as follows: "the combination of the probability of a flood event and of the potential adverse consequences for human health, the environment, cultural heritage and economic activity associated with a flood event" (EU, 2007).

Flood prevention (or layer 1): Layer 1, the first layer of the Multi-layered safety concept, is the layer of prevention and consists of all permanent measures that reduce the probability of a flood. See also 'Multi-Layered safety'.

Impact Assessment: Impact Assessment (IA) simply defined is the process of identifying the future consequences of a current or proposed action. The “impact” is the difference between what would happen with the action and what would happen without it. More information can be found here: International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA).

Flood Resilience Rose: The Flood Resilience Rose, or FRR, is a self-assessment tool to analyze the resilience to flooding in the specific FRAMES pilot sites.  It has been developed by the University of Oldenburg to support the pilot coordinators in:

• systematically assessing and communicating strengths and weaknesses of the current flood risk management approach in their specific target site, and thereby;
• providing a tool to systematically analyze and improve the resilience to flooding in their target site through the implementation of the multi-layer safety approach. 

More information can be found in this document about the FRR, written by the researchers from the University of Oldenburg who developed it.

Flood risk governance arrangements: Interplay (practices and processes) between the actors involved in all policy domains relevant for flood risk management; their dominant discourses; formal and informal rules of the game; and their power and resource base. 

Governance: Steering processes and practices through which decisions are taken and implemented, and decision-makers are held accountable. See also 'Flood risk governance arrangements'. 

Layer 1: Flood prevention: layer 1, the first layer of the Multi-Layered safety concept, is the layer of prevention and consists of of all permanent measures that reduce the probability of a flood. See also 'Multi-Layered Safety'. 

Layer 2: Spatial adaptation: layer 2, the second layer of the Multi-Layered safety concept, is the layer of spatial adaptation, and refers to all types of spatial solutions measures (to be) taken to decrease the loss due to flooding. See also 'Adaptation' and 'Multi-Layered Safety'. 

Layer 3: Emergency response : layer 3, the third layer of the Multi-Layered safety concept, refers to all temporary measures that can be taken in case of a actual flood threat. See also 'Multi-Layered Safety'. 

Layer 4: Resilient recovery : layer 4, the fourth layer of the Multi-Layered safety concept, refers to the resilient recovery after a flood event. See also 'resilience', 'recovery' and 'Multi-Layered Safety'. 

Multi-Layered Safety / Multi-Layered Water Safety (MLS / MLWS): Multi-layered safety is an integrated flood risk management concept based on flood probability reduction through prevention (layer 1: dikes) but also on minimizing the consequences (should a flood occur) through spatial solutions (flood-proofing or elevating houses, re-locating), crisis management (evacuation, warning systems), and recovery (layers 2-4). It has been introduced in the Netherlands in 2009 following the European Flood Risk Directive adopted in 2007 (Hoss et al., 2011; Sophronides et al., 2016). This concept is depicted in the illustration below: 

The four layers of Multi-Layered Safety.

 

  Resilience: The UNDRR describes this term as follows: "the ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate to and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions"(UNISDR, 2009). 

Recovery: The UNDRR describes this term as follows: "The restoration, and improvement where appropriate, of facilities, livelihoods and living conditions of disaster-affected communities, including efforts to reduce disaster risk factors" (UNISDR, 2009). 

Resilient recovery (layer 4): Layer 4, the fourth layer of the Multi-Layered safety concept, refers to the resilient recovery after a flood event. See also 'resilience', 'recovery' and 'Multi-Layered safety'. 

Risk: the IPCC (2014) defines risk as follows: "The potential for adverse consequences where something of value is at stake and where the occurrence and degree of an outcome is uncertain. In the context of the assessment of climate impacts, the term risk is often used to refer to the potential for adverse consequences of a climate-related hazard, or of adaptation or mitigation responses to such a hazard, on lives, livelihoods, health and well-being, ecosystems and species, economic, social and cultural assets, services (including ecosystem services), and infrastructure. Risk results from the interaction of vulnerability (of the affected system), its exposure over time (to the hazard), as well as the (climate-related) hazard and the likelihood of its occurrence."

Risk assessment: The qualitative and/or quantitative scientific estimation of risks (IPCC, 2018).

Self-Assessment: According to Merriam-Webster, self-assessment is "the act or process of analyzing and evaluating oneself or one's actions".

Spatial adaptation (layer 2): Layer 2, the second layer of the Multi-layered safety concept, is the layer of spatial adaptation and refers to all ty

pes of spatial solutions measures (to be) taken to decrease the loss due to flooding. See also 'Adaptation' and 'Multi-Layered safety'.

Vulnerability: The IPCC-definition (by McCarthy et al., 2001) of vulnerability is"... the degree to which a system is susceptible to, and unable to cope with, adverse effects of change, including variability and extremes. Vulnerability is a function of the character, magnitude, and rate of change and variation to which a system is exposed, its sensitivity, and its adaptive capacity." More on this can be found in Adger (2006).

Vulnerability to floods: The degree to which a natural and human system in a specific region is susceptible to, and unable to cope with, adverse effects of flood events.

Referenties

• DRG guide 2020, ACP, EU, The World Bank and GDFRR, 1 maart 2020.
• Vulnerabililty, Adger, W.N., 15 februari 2006.
• Adaptive planning for flood resilient areas: dealing with complexity in decision-making about multilayered flood risk management, Buijs, Jean-Marie; Luuk Boelens, Helge Bormann, Britta Restemeyer, Teun Terpstra, Tom van der Voorn, 24 april 2018.
• Cosoveanu et al 2019, Cosoveanu, F.S., J-M. Buijs, M.H.N. Bakker and T. Terpstra, HZ University of Applied Sciences, 14 december 2019.
• EU Floods Directive, EU, EU, 1 januari 2007.
• Towards better environmental options in flood risk management, EU, 12 november 2019.
• EU Critical Infrastructure Protection in the fight against terrorism, European Commission, EU, 20 oktober 2004.
• Transnational Monitor and Evaluation report FRAMES, FRAMES, FRAMES, 8 juni 2020.
• Adaptive capacity wheel Gupta et al 2010, Gupta et al, 10 januari 2010.
• Haasnoot et al., 2013, Haasnoot et al., 2 april 2013.
• Hoss et al. 2011, Hoss, Frauke, 1 januari 2011.
• Kaufmann et al., 2016, Kaufmann et al., 30 november 2016.
• Flood Resilience Rose 2 pager for project and pilot coordinators, Klenke, T., B. Restemeyer and L. Karrasch, University of Oldenburg, 6 december 2018.
• Lange et al. 2013, Lange et al., 21 januari 2013.
• IPCC Glossary Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Mach, K.J., S. Planton and C. von Stechow (eds.), IPCC, 1 januari 2014.
• IPCC 2018: Annex I: Glossary, Matthews, J.B.R. (ed.), IPCC, 1 januari 2018.
• Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability., McCarthy, J.J., Canziani, O.F., Leary, N.A., Dokken, D.J., White, K.S. (Eds.), IPCC, 1 januari 2001.
• Pahl-Wostl, 2009, Pahl-Wostl, 1 januari 2009.
• Geodesign the multi-layered water safety, Sophronides, Panayiotis, 1 januari 2016.
• UNISDR Terminology, UNISDR, UNISDR, 1 januari 2009.
• Zevenbergen, Gersonius and Radhakrishan, 2020, Zevenbergen, Gersonius and Radhakrishan, 2020, 17 februari 2020.
• van Buuren et al., 2018 pilot paradox, van Buuren et al., 1 januari 2018.

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