LC 00329: verschil tussen versies

Huidige versie van 8 jul 2020 om 14:32

What is critical infrastructure?

The EU (2008) defines critical infrastructure as ‘an asset, system or part thereof located in Member States which is essential for the maintenance of vital societal functions, health, safety, security, economic or social well-being of people, and the disruption or destruction of which would have a significant impact in a Member State as a result of the failure to maintain those functions’.

Critical infrastructure and FRAMES

Within FRAMES, the vulnerability of critical infrastructure assets to floods was assessed in three pilot projects: electricity grid networks in Reimerwsaal and Flood Proof Electricity Grid Zeeland pilots in the Netherlands and social and care home sectors in the Kent (United Kingdom).

How is critical infrastructure linked to the layers of MLS?

The knowledge gained from the three pilot projects looking at critical infrastructure are linked as follows to the layers of the MLS approach:

Layer 2, spatial adaptation: limits flood consequences (a) when applying spatial adaptation measures for vulnerable electricity grid assets
Layer 3, preparedness and response: supports preparedness and emergency planning by (a) raising flood risk awareness of about the vulnerability of critical infrastructure; (b) update local flood action plans including evacuation routes and risk communication strategies based on updated flood risk maps; (d) update asset management plans;
Layer 4, resilient recovery: when flood preparedness measures are taken this leads to a better flood recovery for communities.

Lessons learnt

The main lessons learned when assessing the vulnerability of critical infrastructure to floods can be found here.

Relevant adaptive capacities needed

To accomplish actions successfully, certain capacities are more needed than others. More specifically: the combination of flood risk management strategies in response to climate change depends on the adaptation space and capacity of institutions (Berkhout, Hertin and Gann, 2006). Since institutions have the ability to stimulate the capacity of a society to adapt to climate change from the local to the national level (Gupta et al., 2010), stakeholders and organizations involved in FRAMES focused on the development of adaptive capacities at local and regional level.

The adaptive capacities that were employed and developed during the pilot projects working on community resilience are shown in the spiderweb below. We will provide more detail for those capacities that significantly increased during the pilots.

Figure 1: Development of adaptive capacities in critical infrastructure

Variety of problem frames: prepare an in-depth analysis of the problem. A flood directly causes failure of the electricity grid network but also has indirect, or cascading effects on vital services such as transportation and telecom services. Therefore, an in depth problem analysis is required to consider the perspective of all stakeholders involved in the management of critical infrastructure.
Human resources: create new knowledge. The pilot projects resulted in new knowledge gained about the vulnerability of critical infrastructure in relation to flood scenarios.
Diversity of solutions: consider multiple measures. The knowledge generated in the pilot projects provide diverse solutions in FRM (e.g. spatial adaptation and preparedness measures).
Continuous access to information: make information available for all stakeholders. This knowledge and information is made available for organizations involved in managing critical infrastructure, but also municipalities and policy makers.
Collaborative leadership: authorities of all levels work together on the same issue. As a result of these pilot projects, collaboration between crisis management organizations, critical infrastructure owners and local authorities (local and regional) improved.
Visionary leadership: let all stakeholders share their insights. All stakeholders together discussed challenges and shared a common vision for the long term planning of critical infrastructure in relation to climate change.
Capacity to improve: be more flexible when it comes to actions and solutions. Moreover, critical infrastructure owners increased their capacity to deal with flood risk in the long term.
Entrepreneurial leadership and single loop learning: do something with the new knowledge to make improvements. Critical infrastructure owners are motivated and interested to integrate the gained knowledge gained to improve the current asset management plans of the critical infrastructure.
Double loop learning: integrate new knowledge into policy. This knowledge was also translated into policy advice to start up a discussion with policy makers and include this topic into the political agenda. For instance, in the Electricity grid network Zeeland and Wesermarsch, flood risk assessments of critical infrastructure and importance of layer 3 (emergency response) have been put on the political agendas.

What tools were used in the critical infrastructure pilots?

There are many tools that can be used when looking into critical infrastructure and floods. The FRAMES pilots have selected and successfully used the tools listed in the table below. More information can be found by clicking on the links provided..

We also uploaded a full list of all tools used to improve the management of MLS.

Name of tool	Main objective	Description
Workshops	Collect data from main stakeholders in the area	Workshop for and with the main stakeholders of the area are organized. Each stakeholder provides information/ knowledge based on their expertise responsibility in flood risk management: crisis management, water management, technical knowledge (flood scenarios) and so on.
Stakeholder analysis	Identify all stakeholders in the area	A stakeholder analysis will identify all actors along with their interests and potential issues who will have a role in MLS before engaging them in the process.
Evacuation traffic model	Impact assessment
3D viewer of flood scenarios	Impact assessment + communication tool	This impact assessment tool developed by the consultancy firm Nelen&Schuurmans as a risk communication tool to inhabitants and other stakeholders to share and discuss flood risk scenarios and evacuation routes.
3D modelling of flood risk scenarios	Assessment of flood risk, evacuation routes and shelter locations	3D modelling of flood risk scenarios to assess the flood risk of an area and look for the best evacuation routes and dry areas as possible shelter location to improve overall emergency planning
The Kent Strategic Health Asset Planning and Evaluation (SHAPE) Atlas	Map the socio-spatial flood risk of an area	The 'Strategic Health Asset Planning and Evaluation', or SHAPE, is a web enabled, evidence based application that informs and supports the strategic planning of services and assets across a whole health economy. Its analytical and presentation features can help service commissioners to determine the service configuration that provides the best affordable access to care.
Severe Weather Impacts Monitoring System (SWIMS)	Self-assessment tools for community resilience	The Severe Weather Impacts Monitoring System (SWIMS) allows Kent partners to collect data about how the services provided them are affected during severe weather events. This in turn will allow the identification of key areas and communities that are affected by flooding and other severe weather events and improve the management of those areas in line with MLS principles. It is a decision support and public tool for public organizations in emergency planning events. SWIMS is available in the UK to local authorities through the Climate Ready programme (in partnership with the Environment Agency, Defra, LGA and Climate UK).
Mobile app	Risk communication	A mobile application (app) can be used as a Flood Threat Warning App and for instance include full integration within the risk communication program of the region. The app could also include other identified natural risks of the area such as fires, droughts and extreme weather events.
KentView	Self-assessment	This tool helps to build MLS concepts into business-as-usual in a number of teams including health and social care teams and more widely across the Sustainable Business and Communities team.
Climate Just	Aid in developing socially just responses to the impacts of flooding	Free web tool, developed by the World Health Organization, that considers the most recent scientific evidence on the health impacts of climate change.
Cost-Benefit Analysis	Quantification of spatial measures	An economic technique applied to public decision−making that attempts to quantify the advantages (benefits) and d isadvantages (costs) associated with, in this case, potential spatial measures.
Vital Asset tool	Measuring (in)direct effects of floods on vital infrastructure	This method and tool supports professionals in determining direct and indirect effects of floods on certain vital infrastructure, social systems or the impact on an area as a whole. It can be combined with GIS modelling. Developed by the RAAK Consortium (2017-2018): HZ University of Applied Sciences, Province of Zeeland, Reimerswaal, Safety region Zeeland, Rijkswaterstaat Zee & Delta, Waterschap Scheldestromen and Deltares.
LIWO	Information on water and floods in the Netherlands	National information system Water and Floods (Landelijk Informatiesysteem Water en Overstromingen) consists of layers of maps. LIWO was developed specifically for Dutch professionals in preparation for excess of water and floods. Developed by Watermanagementcentrum Nederland (WMCN).
Critical Infrastructures: Relations and Consequences for Life and Environment (Circle)	Identification of cascade-effects of flood scenarios on critical infrastructure	The Circle tool, developed by Deltares, identifies cascade-effects of flood scenarios on critical infrastructure. This tool can be used during collaborative modelling and workshops; a workshop guideline is freely available online
Risk label method	Impact assessment: map the risks of electricity assets	The Risk label method is a hazard-risk based approach used to analyse/map the risk of electricity assets in case of a flooding considering direct and indirect failure (cascading effects) of the medium-voltage network. Developed by Nelen & Schuurmans, a consultancy firm and results were discussed and validated during workshops with electricity gridexperts (Enduris, Evides, KPN and Delta) of the Flood Proof Electricity Grid pilot.
Climate Change Risk and Impact Assessment (CCRiA)	Assessment of climate risk	A tool to better understand the impacts of climate change on key sectors and motivate action. To this end, the KCC has reviewed the existing UK Climate Change Risk Assessment (CCRA).
Social media	Communication and dissemination	To increase and improve the flood awareness and self-efficacy of citizens and organizations, social media channels are advised to be used: YouTube, Twitter, Facebook, local press (TV, newspaper, magazines, radio), websites, newsletters, brochures, leaflets, events and meetings. ·

Referenties

Stakeholder analysis report FRAMES, FRAMES Consortium, 1 januari 2020.
Adaptive capacities FRAMES definitions and examples, Gupta et al, 20 april 2020.

Hier wordt aan gewerkt of naar verwezen door: Layer 2- Spatial adaptation

@@ Regel 1: / Regel 1: @@
+==== What is critical infrastructure? ====
 The EU (2008) defines critical infrastructure as ‘an asset, system or part thereof located in Member States which is essential for the maintenance of vital societal functions, health, safety, security, economic or social well-being of people, and the disruption or destruction of which would have a significant impact in a Member State as a result of the failure to maintain those functions’.
+==== Critical infrastructure and FRAMES ====
 Within FRAMES, the vulnerability of critical infrastructure assets to floods was assessed in three pilot projects: electricity grid networks in [[FR PLT PR 00002|Reimerwsaal]] and [[FR PLT PR 00006|Flood Proof Electricity Grid Zeeland]] pilots  in the Netherlands and social and care home sectors in the [[FR PLT PR 00005|Kent]]  (United Kingdom).
-==== '''Links between knowledge gained and  layers of the MLS approach''' ====
+==== How is critical infrastructure linked to the layers of MLS? ====
-The knowledge gained from the pilot projects are linked to several layers of the MLS approach:
+The knowledge gained from the three pilot projects looking at critical infrastructure are linked as follows to the layers of the MLS approach:
-* Layer 2, Spatial adaptation: limits flood consequences (a) when applying spatial adaptation measures for vulnerable electricity grid assets
+* {{Internal link|link=LC 00292|name=Layer 2, spatial adaptation|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}}: limits flood consequences (a) when applying spatial adaptation measures for vulnerable electricity grid assets
-* Layer 3, Emergency management: supports preparedness and emergency planning by (a) raising flood risk awareness of about the vulnerability of critical infrastructure; (b) update local flood action plans including evacuation routes and risk communication strategies based on updated flood risk maps; (d) update asset management plans;
+* {{Internal link|link=LC 00289|name=Layer 3, preparedness and response|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}}: supports preparedness and emergency planning by (a) raising flood risk awareness of about the vulnerability of critical infrastructure; (b) update local flood action plans including evacuation routes and risk communication strategies based on updated flood risk maps; (d) update asset management plans;
-* Layer 3, Resilient recovery: when flood preparedness measures are taken this leads to a better flood recovery for communities.
+* {{Internal link|link=LC 00275|name=Layer 4, resilient recovery|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}}: when flood preparedness measures are taken this leads to a better flood recovery for communities.
-==== Lessons learned ====
-The main lessons learned when assessing the vulnerability of critical infrastructure to floods are:
-'''''[ include link to lessons learned]'''''
+==== Lessons learnt ====
-* Problem analysis
+The main lessons learned when assessing the vulnerability of critical infrastructure to floods can be found {{Internal link|link=LC 00325|name=here.|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}}
-* Stakeholders analysis
-* Increased knowledge and flood risk awareness of critical infrastructure
-* Trust
-* Communication of low flood probabilities
-==== Adaptive capacities linked to critical infrastructure ====
+==== Relevant adaptive capacities needed ====
-'''''[inlcude link to adaptive capacities]'''''
+To accomplish actions successfully, certain capacities are more needed than others. More specifically: the combination of flood risk management strategies in response to climate change depends on the adaptation space and capacity of institutions ([https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-006-9089-3 Berkhout, Hertin and Gann, 2006]). Since institutions have the ability to stimulate the capacity of  a society to adapt to climate change from the local to the national level ([https://repub.eur.nl/pub/20798 Gupta et al., 2010]), stakeholders and organizations involved in FRAMES focused on the development of adaptive capacities at local and regional level.
-In FRAMES, we have also learned that the combination of FRM strategies in response to climate change depends on the adaptation space and capacity of institutions (Berkhout, Hertin, & Gann, 2006). Institutions have the ability to stimulate the capacity of society to adapt to climate change from local to national level (Gupta, 2010). Therefore, stakeholders and organizations involved in FRAMES contributed to the development of adaptive capacities at local and regional level. Hence, the implementation of NFM in these pilot projects resulted in employed and developed capacities that enable enhanced flood resilience of communities and areas.
+The {{Cite|resource=Bestand:Adaptive capacities - definitions and examples.pdf|name=adaptive capacities|dialog=process-file-dialog}} that were employed and developed during the pilot projects working on community resilience are shown in the spiderweb below. We will provide more detail for those capacities that significantly increased during the pilots.
-The transnational evaluation and analysis of these pilot projects revealed that the following insufficient, employed and developed capacities throughout the pilot projects. Insufficient capacities refer to capacities that are not present, or present but not applied in the governance network of the pilot project. Employed capacities refer to the capacities present and applied throughout the pilot project. Developed capacities refer to the capacities improved or emerged in the governance network as a result of the pilot project. It is relevant to know what capacities developed when assessing the vulnerability of critical infrastructure to floods in Zeeland and Kent.
+[[Bestand:Critical infrastructure.png|kaderloos|977x977px]]
-A lot is unknown about the vulnerability of critical infrastructure, such as electricity grid network, social and health care homes, transportation and telecom, towards floods. If a flooding event would happen, this will have a direct effect causing failure of the electricity grid network but also indirect effects (cascading effects) on vital services (transportation, telecom). Therefore, an in depth problem analysis is required to consider the perspective of all stakeholders (1.1 '''Variety of problem frames''') involved in the management of critical infrastructure. The pilot projects resulted in new knowledge gained (5.3. '''Human resources''') about the vulnerability of critical infrastructure in relation to flood scenarios. The knowledge generated in the pilot projects provide diverse solutions (1.3 '''Diversity of solutions''') in FRM (e.g. spatial adaptation and preparedness measures). This knowledge and information is made available (3.1 '''Continuous access to information''') for organizations involved in managing critical infrastructure, but also municipalities and policy makers. As a result of these pilot projects, collaboration (4.3 '''Collaborative leadership''') between crisis management organizations, critical infrastructure owners and local authorities (local and regional) improved. All stakeholders together discussed challenges and shared a common vision for the long term planning (4.1 '''Visionary leadership''') of critical infrastructure in relation to climate change. Moreover, critical infrastructure owners increased their capacity (3.3 '''Capacity to improve''') to deal with flood risk in the long term. Furthermore, critical infrastructure owners are motivated and interested (4.2 '''Entrepreneurial leadership''') to integrate the gained knowledge gained to improve the current asset management plans of the critical infrastructure (2.2. '''Single loop learning'''). This knowledge was also translated into policy advice to start up a discussion with policy makers and include this topic into the political agenda (2.3 '''Double loop learning'''). For instance, in the Electricity grid network Zeeland (NL) and (Wesermarsch) flood risk assessments of critical infrastructure and importance for layer 3 (emergency response) have been put on the agenda.
+''Figure 1: Development of adaptive capacities in critical infrastructure''
+* ''Variety of problem frames'': prepare an in-depth analysis of the problem. A flood directly causes failure of the electricity grid network but also has indirect, or cascading effects on vital services such as transportation and telecom services.  Therefore, an in depth problem analysis is required to consider the perspective of all stakeholders involved in the management of critical infrastructure.
+* ''Human resources'': create new knowledge. The pilot projects resulted in new knowledge gained  about the vulnerability of critical infrastructure in relation to flood scenarios.
+* ''Diversity of solution''s: consider multiple measures. The knowledge generated in the pilot projects provide diverse solutions in FRM (e.g. spatial adaptation and preparedness measures).
+* ''Continuous access to information'': make information available for all stakeholders. This knowledge and information is made available for organizations involved in managing critical infrastructure, but also municipalities and policy makers.
+* ''Collaborative leadership'': authorities of all levels work together on the same issue. As a result of these pilot projects, collaboration between crisis management organizations, critical infrastructure owners and local authorities (local and regional) improved.
+* ''Visionary leadership'': let all stakeholders share their insights. All stakeholders together discussed challenges and shared a common vision for the long term planning of critical infrastructure in relation to climate change.
+* ''Capacity to improve'': be more flexible when it comes to actions and solutions. Moreover, critical infrastructure owners increased their capacity to deal with flood risk in the long term.
+* ''Entrepreneurial leadership and single loop learning'': do something with the new knowledge to make improvements. Critical infrastructure owners are motivated and interested to integrate the gained knowledge gained to improve the current asset management plans of the critical infrastructure.
+* ''Double loop learning'': integrate new knowledge into policy. This knowledge was also translated into policy advice to start up a discussion with policy makers and include this topic into the political agenda. For instance, in the Electricity grid network Zeeland and Wesermarsch, flood risk assessments of critical infrastructure and importance of layer 3 (emergency response) have been put on the political agendas.
-However, there are still many unknowns in this topic: how to increase the flood risk awareness at national level and maybe worldwide, who is responsible to implement the measures (the electricity grid owner, the local, regional or national government). In addition, it still remains unknown what the effects are of other climate change impacts (droughts) on the services assets (electricity grid network, transportation and telecom) and how/ who should deal with these challenges. More research is recommended on this matter to get more knowledge and policy support on this policy action.
+==== What tools were used in the critical infrastructure pilots? ====
+There are many tools that can be used when looking into critical infrastructure and floods. The FRAMES pilots have selected and successfully used the tools listed in the table below. More information can be found by clicking on the links provided..
-==== Toolkit ====
+We also uploaded a full [[PR 00153|list of all tools]] used to improve the management of MLS.
-The following [[PR 00153|tools]] were used in these pilot projects:
+{| class="wikitable"
-* Stakeholders analysis
+|'''Name of tool'''
-* Workshops
+|'''Main objective'''
-* National information system Water and Floods, LIWO (Landelijk Informatiesysteem Water en Overstromingen)
+|'''Description'''
-* Cost-benefit Analysis (CBA)
+|-
-* Vital Asset tool
+|'''Workshops'''
-* 3D modelling of flood risk scenarios
+|Collect data from main stakeholders in the area
-* Critical Infrastructures: Relations and Consequences for Life and Environment (Circle)
+|Workshop for and  with the main stakeholders of the area are organized. Each stakeholder provides information/ knowledge based on their expertise responsibility in flood risk management: crisis management, water management, technical knowledge (flood scenarios) and so on.
-* Risk label method
+|-
-* 3D viewer of flood scenarios
+|'''{{Cite|resource=Bestand:20191126133808 190909stakeholder report diss.pdf|name=Stakeholder analysis|dialog=process-file-dialog}}'''
-* Mobile app
+|Identify all stakeholders in the area
-* Evacuation traffic model
+|A stakeholder analysis will identify all actors along with their interests and potential issues who will have a role in MLS before engaging them in the process.
-* The Kent Strategic Health Asset Planning and Evaluation (SHAPE) Atlas
+|-
-* Severe Weather Impacts Monitoring System (SWIMS)
+|'''Evacuation traffic model'''
-* KentView
+|Impact assessment
-* Climate Just
+|
-* Climate Change Risk and Impact Assessment (CCRiA)
+|-
-* Social media for dissemination
+|'''3D viewer of flood scenarios'''
+|Impact assessment + communication tool
+|This impact assessment tool developed by the consultancy firm Nelen&Schuurmans as a risk communication tool to inhabitants and other stakeholders to share and discuss flood risk scenarios and evacuation routes.
+|-
+|'''3D  modelling of flood risk scenarios'''
+|Assessment  of flood risk, evacuation routes and shelter locations
+|3D  modelling of flood risk scenarios to assess the flood risk of an area and  look for the best evacuation routes and dry areas as possible shelter  location to improve overall emergency planning
+|-
+|[https://shapeatlas.net/ '''The Kent Strategic Health Asset Planning and Evaluation (SHAPE) Atlas''']
+|Map the socio-spatial flood risk of an area
+|The 'Strategic Health Asset Planning and Evaluation', or SHAPE, is a web enabled, evidence based application that informs and supports the strategic planning of services and assets across a whole health economy. Its analytical and presentation features can help service commissioners to determine the service configuration that provides the best affordable access to care.
+|-
+|'''Severe Weather Impacts Monitoring System ({{External link|resource=Resource Hyperlink 00626|name=SWIMS|dialog=process-linkwebsite-dialog}})'''
+|Self-assessment tools for community resilience
+|The Severe Weather Impacts Monitoring System (SWIMS) allows Kent partners to collect data about how the services provided them are affected during severe weather events. This in turn will allow the identification of key areas and communities that are affected by flooding and other severe weather events and improve the management of those areas in line with MLS principles. It is a decision support and public tool for public organizations in emergency planning events.
+''SWIMS is available in the UK to local authorities through the Climate Ready programme (in partnership with the Environment Agency, Defra, LGA and Climate UK).''
+|-
+|'''Mobile app'''
+|Risk communication
+|A mobile application (app) can be used as a Flood Threat Warning App and for instance include full integration within the risk communication program of the region. The app could also include  other identified natural risks of the area such as fires, droughts and extreme weather events.
+|-
+|'''KentView'''
+|Self-assessment
+|This tool helps to build MLS concepts into
+business-as-usual in a number of teams including health and social care teams and more widely across the Sustainable Business and Communities team.
+|-
+|[https://www.climatejust.org.uk/resources/climate-change-and-health-tool '''Climate Just''']
+|Aid in developing socially just responses to the impacts of flooding
+|Free web tool, developed by the World Health Organization, that considers the most recent scientific evidence on the health impacts of climate change.
+|-
+|'''Cost-Benefit Analysis'''
+|Quantification of spatial measures
+|An economic technique applied to public decision−making that attempts to quantify the advantages (benefits) and d
+isadvantages (costs) associated with, in this case, potential spatial measures.
+|-
+|'''{{External link|resource=Resource Hyperlink 00730|name=Vital  Asset tool|dialog=process-linkwebsite-dialog}}'''
+|Measuring  (in)direct effects of floods on vital infrastructure
+|This method  and tool supports professionals in determining direct and indirect effects of  floods on certain vital infrastructure, social systems or the impact on an  area as a whole. It can be combined with GIS modelling.
+''Developed by  the RAAK Consortium (2017-2018):  HZ  University of Applied Sciences, Province of Zeeland, Reimerswaal, Safety region Zeeland, Rijkswaterstaat Zee & Delta, Waterschap Scheldestromen and  Deltares.''
+|-
+|[https://www.basisinformatie-overstromingen.nl/liwo/#/ '''LIWO''']
+|Information on water and floods in the Netherlands
+|National information system Water and Floods (Landelijk Informatiesysteem Water en Overstromingen) consists of layers of maps. LIWO was developed specifically for Dutch professionals in preparation for excess of water and floods.
+''Developed by Watermanagementcentrum Nederland (WMCN).''
+|-
+|'''{{External link|resource=Resource Hyperlink 00731|name=Critical  Infrastructures: Relations and Consequences for Life and Environment|dialog=process-linkwebsite-dialog}} (Circle)'''
+|Identification  of cascade-effects of flood scenarios on critical infrastructure
+|The Circle  tool, developed by Deltares, identifies cascade-effects of flood scenarios on  critical infrastructure.
+This tool can  be used during collaborative modelling and workshops; a workshop guideline is  freely available online
+|-
+|'''Risk label method'''
+|Impact  assessment: map the risks of electricity assets
+|The Risk label method is a hazard-risk based approach used to analyse/map the risk of electricity assets in case of a flooding considering direct and indirect failure (cascading effects) of the medium-voltage network. Developed by Nelen & Schuurmans, a consultancy firm and results were discussed and validated during workshops with electricity gridexperts (Enduris, Evides, KPN and Delta) of the Flood Proof Electricity Grid pilot.
+|-
+|'''Climate Change Risk and Impact Assessment ({{External link|resource=Resource Hyperlink 00791|name=CCRiA|dialog=process-linkwebsite-dialog}})'''
+|Assessment of climate risk
+|A tool to better understand the impacts of climate change on key sectors and motivate action. To this end, the KCC has reviewed the existing [https://www.theccc.org.uk/tackling-climate-change/preparing-for-climate-change/uk-climate-change-risk-assessment-2017/the-ccra-at-a-glance/ UK Climate Change Risk Assessment] (CCRA).
+|-
+|'''Social media'''
+|Communication and dissemination
+|To increase and improve the flood awareness and self-efficacy of citizens and organizations, social media channels are advised to be used: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9lf58EbH0Ew YouTube], [https://twitter.com/frames_project Twitter,] Facebook, local press ([https://youtu.be/wczBAgN4vm8 TV,] [https://www.greatyarmouthmercury.co.uk/news/great-yarmouth-flood-northgate-street-1-5548431 newspaper], magazines, radio), [https://www.trentriverstrust.org/project/southwell-frames-nfm-project/ websites], newsletters, brochures, leaflets, events and meetings.  ·
+|}
 {{Light Context
-|Sequence number=198437
+|Sequence numbers=LC_00325,100000;
+|Sequence number=192187
 |Supercontext=PR 00274